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In the previous sections, you used mysql interactively to enter queries and view the results. You can also run mysql in batch mode. To do this, put the commands you want to run in a file, then tell mysql to read its input from the file:

shell> mysql < batch-file

If you are running mysql under windows and have some special characters in the file that causes problems, you can do:

dos> mysql -e "source batch-file"

If you need to specify connection parameters on the command-line, the command might look like this:

shell> mysql -h host -u user -p < batch-file
Enter password: ********

When you use mysql this way, you are creating a script file, then executing the script.

If you want the script to continue even if you have errors, you should use the --force command-line option.

Why use a script? Here are a few reasons:

· If you run a query repeatedly (say, every day or every week), making it a script allows you to avoid retyping it each time you execute it.

· You can generate new queries from existing ones that are similar by copying and editing script files.

· Batch mode can also be useful while you're developing a query, particularly for multiple-line commands or multiple-statement sequences of commands. If you make a mistake, you don't have to retype everything. Just edit your script to correct the error, then tell mysql to execute it again.

· If you have a query that produces a lot of output, you can run the output through a pager rather than watching it scroll off the top of your screen:

shell> mysql < batch-file | more

· You can catch the output in a file for further processing:

shell> mysql < batch-file > mysql.out

· You can distribute your script to other people so they can run the commands, too.

· Some situations do not allow for interactive use, for example, when you run a query from a cron job. In this case, you must use batch mode.

The default output format is different (more concise) when you run mysql in batch mode than when you use it interactively. For example, the output of SELECT DISTINCT species FROM pet looks like this when run interactively:

+---------+
| species |
+---------+
| bird    |
| cat     |
| dog     |
| hamster |
| snake   |
+---------+

But like this when run in batch mode:

species
bird
cat
dog
hamster
snake

If you want to get the interactive output format in batch mode, use mysql -t. To echo to the output the commands that are executed, use mysql -vvv.

You can also use scripts in the mysql command-line prompt by using the source command:

mysql> source filename;